QUESTIONS CARRYING 5-8 MARKS
1) What is levels of management ? Explain the functions of lower management . (2018)
6) Briefly describe the levels of management found in modern business enterprise .(2009,2013)
OR,
Write short notes on each level of management.
Ans. Level of management refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organisation. On the basis of authority and responsibility , we can identify three levels of management :
8) State five leading functions of middle level management.(2015)
9) Give reasons to support management as a profession. (2016)
Ans. Management as Profession
e) Who coined the term POSDCORB to describe the functions of management.
Ans. Luther Gullick
1) What is levels of management ? Explain the functions of lower management . (2018)
Ans. Level of management refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organisation. On the basis of authority and responsibility , we can identify three levels of management :
(a) Top level management
(b) Middle level management
(c) Lower level or operating management
The functions of lower level management are explained as follows :
1)To issue orders and instructions for executing
2) To arrange materials and equipment for the work force .
3) Providing on the job training to workers.
4) To supervise and control the work of workers and maintain personal contact with them.
5) To advise and guide workers about the work procedures and solving their problems.
6) To communicate the problems of workers to higher levels of management if these are not solved at lower level.
7) To maintain proper discipline in the section and good relations among workers.
2) Why is coordination regarded as the essence of management ? (2007,2010,2016,2017)
Ans. Coordination is the force which synchronizes all the functions of management and activities of different departments. Lack of coordination results in overlapping, duplication, delays and chaos. It is concerned with all the three levels of management as if all the levels of management are looked at together, they become a group and as in the case of every group, they also require coordination among themselves. So, it is not a separate function of management, rather it is the essence of management.
3) Providing on the job training to workers.
4) To supervise and control the work of workers and maintain personal contact with them.
5) To advise and guide workers about the work procedures and solving their problems.
6) To communicate the problems of workers to higher levels of management if these are not solved at lower level.
7) To maintain proper discipline in the section and good relations among workers.
2) Why is coordination regarded as the essence of management ? (2007,2010,2016,2017)
Ans. Coordination is the force which synchronizes all the functions of management and activities of different departments. Lack of coordination results in overlapping, duplication, delays and chaos. It is concerned with all the three levels of management as if all the levels of management are looked at together, they become a group and as in the case of every group, they also require coordination among themselves. So, it is not a separate function of management, rather it is the essence of management.
l. Coordination integrates group efforts: It integrates diverse business activities into purposeful group activity ensuring that all people work in one direction to achieve organizational goals.
2. Coordination ensures unity of action: It directs the activities of different departments and employees towards achievement of common goals and brings unity in individual efforts.
3. Coordination is a continuous process: It is not a specific activity matter it is required at all levels, in all departments till the organization continues its operations.
4. Coordination is all pervasive function: It is universal in nature. It synchronizes the activities of all levels and departments as they are interdependent to maintain organizational balance.
5. Coordination is the responsibility of all managers: It is equally important at all the three-top, middle and lower levels of management. Thus it is the responsibility of all managers that they make efforts to establish coordination.
6. Coordination is a deliberate function: Coordination is never established by itself rather it is a conscious effort on the part of every manager. Cooperation is voluntary effort of employees to help one another. Effective coordination cannot be achieved without cooperation of group members.
3) Explain the objectives of management . (Any five) (2008,2012)
Ans. Management can be defined as, the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving organizational goals effectively and efficiently.
Objectives of management
1)Organisational objectives
3) Explain the objectives of management . (Any five) (2008,2012)
Ans. Management can be defined as, the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving organizational goals effectively and efficiently.
Objectives of management
1)Organisational objectives
Management is responsible for setting and achieving objectives for the organisation. The main objective of any organization should be to utilise human and material resources to the maximum possible advantage, i.e., to fulfill the economic objectives of a business.
Survival: The basic objective of any business is survival. In order to survive, an organization must earn enough revenues to cover costs.
Profit: Management has to ensure that the organization makes a profit. Profit provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operation of the enterprise.
Growth: To remain in the industry, management must exploit fully the growth potential of the organization. There are many indicators of growth such as sales volume, increase in the of employee count, the number of products or the increase in capital investment.
2)Social Objectives
As a part of society, every organisation whether it is business or non-business, has a social obligation to fulfill which is to consistently create economic value for various constituents of society. This includes:
a)Environmental friendly methods of production
a)Environmental friendly methods of production
Giving employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of society.
b)Providing basic amenities like schools and crèches to employees.
3)Personal Objectives
Organization consists of different types of individual who joins it to satisfy their diverse needs. The individual may seek to satisfy needs such as:
a)Competitive salaries and perks
b)Peer recognition
c)personal growth and development
Management has to reconcile personal goals with organisational objectives for harmony in the organisation.
The main Personal Objectives are as follows :
a) Pay appropriate salaries to employees.
b) Provide avenues for development of employees.
c) Create promotional opportunities for deserving employees.
d) Treat employees as a part of business.
e) Provide healthy working conditions.
f) Offer incentives for hardwork.
g) Social recognition.
a) Pay appropriate salaries to employees.
b) Provide avenues for development of employees.
c) Create promotional opportunities for deserving employees.
d) Treat employees as a part of business.
e) Provide healthy working conditions.
f) Offer incentives for hardwork.
g) Social recognition.
4) Describe in brief the functions of management. (2008,2018)
Ans.The functions of management are described as follows:
1)Planning:Planning is the primary
Ans.The functions of management are described as follows:
1)Planning:Planning is the primary
functions. It is the process of thinking before doing. It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go.
2)Organising : It is the process of defining the formal relationship among people and resources to accomplish the desired goals. It involves
(a) Identification and division of work
(b) Departmentalisation
(c) Assigning of duties
(d) Establishing reporting relationships
3)Staffing : Organisational goals can be achieved only through human efforts. It Is the duty of management to make the best possible use of this resource. Thus, placing the right person on the right job is very important. Staffing helps management to motivate, select and place the right person on the right job.
4)Directing : Directing involves leading, influencing and motivating employees to perform the tasks assigned to them. This requires establishing an atmosphere that encourages employees to do their best. Directing comprises of four elements; supervision, motivation, leadership and communication.
5)Controlling : Controlling is the management function of monitoring organisational performance towards the attainment of organisational goals. The task of controlling involves
(a) Establishing standards of performance
(b) Measuring current performance
(c) Comparing this with established standards
(d) Taking corrective action.
(d) Taking corrective action.
5) Explain the features of management. (2009)
Ans. The features of management are explained as follows :
1)Intangible : Management is intangible , i.e., it can be felt in the form of results and not seen .
2)Dynamic : Management is a dynamic function and it has to be performed continuously. It is constantly engaged in the moduling of the enterprise in an ever changing business environment.
3)Profession : Management is regarded as a profession in present days. It has a systematic and specialised body of knowledge consisting of principles, techniques and laws and can be taught as a separate discipline or subject.
4) Goal-oriented : Management exists to achieve some definite goals or objectives. It is concerned with establishment and accomplishment of objectives.
5) Universality : Management is applicable in all types of organisations. The basic principles of management are of universal application and can be applied in all organisations whether they are business , social , religious etc.
OR,
Write short notes on each level of management.
Ans. Level of management refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organisation. On the basis of authority and responsibility , we can identify three levels of management :
(a) Top level management
(b) Middle level management
(c) Lower level or operating management
(A) TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT
This level of management consists of the senior most executive level of an organization.
Their chief task is to lay down overall goals, policies and strategies for the organization and to communicate with the middle level of management.
Following are the main designations assigned to individuals working at this level:
Managing Director.
Board of Directors.
Chairperson.
Chief Executive Officers.
Chief Product Officers.
Chief Technology officers.
Functions performed at TOP LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT are :
1)Making strategies and goals of the organisation.
2)Taking decisions regarding activities to be performed.
3)Framing policies for the organization.
4)Responsible for Welfare and survival of the organisation.
(B) MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT
This level of management consists of executives working between top level and supervisory level.
They interpret and implement the policies, coordinate all activities, ensure availability of resources and implementation of policies framed by top level management.
They consist of:
Divisional Heads and Sub-divisional Heads.
Departmental Heads like Purchase Manager, Sales Manager, Finance Manager, Personnel Manager etc.
Plant Superintendent.
Functions performed at MIDDLE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT are :
1)Interpret the policies to lower management.
2)Taking decisions regarding a number of personnel in the department.
3)Assigning duties and responsibilities to employees in their department.
4)Convey suggestions and grievances of the supervisory level to the top level for the overall smooth functioning of the organisation.
5)Liable for the ultimate production of respective departments.
6)To act as a link between lower and management.
(C) LOWER LEVEL MANAGEMENT
Supervisory / Lower / Operational Level Management
This level of management operates between middle-level management and operative workforce.
This level consists of-
Supervisors.
Foremen.
Inspectors.
Functions performed at LOWER LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT are :
1)Provide on the job training to the workers.
2)Ensure the performance of the workers.
3)Giving feedback to the workers.
4)Influence others to work more by setting an example.
5)Responsible for group unity.
6)Act as a link between the management and the workers.
7) What do you mean by management ? Discuss the importance of management to a modern business. (2010)
Ans. Management is an art of getting things done with and through others. Management can be defined as, the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving organizational goals effectively and efficiently.
Importance of Management to a modern business are enumerated as follows :
(1) Achieving Group Goals: Management creates team work and coordination in the group. Managers give common direction to individual efforts in achieving the overall goals of the organization.
(2) Increases Efficiency: Management increases efficiency by using resources in the best possible manner to reduce cost and increase productivity.
(3) Creates Dynamic organization: Management helps the employees overcome their resistance to change and adapt as per changing situation to ensure its survival and growth.
(4) Achieving personal objectives: Management helps the individuals achieve their personal goals while working towards organizational objectives.
(5) Development of Society: Management helps in the development of society by producing good quality products, creating employment opportunities and adopting new technologies.
8) State five leading functions of middle level management.(2015)
Ans. Refer to Q No.6
9) Give reasons to support management as a profession. (2016)
Profession means an occupation for which specialized knowledge and skills are required and entry is restricted. The main features of profession are as follows:
(1) Well-defined body of Knowledge: All the professions are based on well defined body of knowledge.
(2) Restricted Entry: The entry in every profession is restricted through examination or through some minimum educational qualification.
(3) Professional Associations: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry and frames code of conduct relating to the profession.
(4) Ethical Code of Conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behavior of its members.
(5) Service Motive: The main aim of a profession is to serve its clients.
Since all the above stated features of profession are also features of management, so we can conclude that management is a profession .
9) Why is management regarded as an art ? Discuss about the objectives of management ? (2011)
Ans. Management as an Art
Since all the above stated features of profession are also features of management, so we can conclude that management is a profession .
9) Why is management regarded as an art ? Discuss about the objectives of management ? (2011)
Ans. Management as an Art
Art refers to skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results. It can be acquired through study, observation and experience. The features of art as follows:
(1) Existence of theoretical knowledge: In every art, Systematic and organized study material should be available compulsorily to acquire theoretical knowledge.
(2) Personalized application: The use of basic knowledge differs from person to person and thus, art is a very personalized concept.
(3) Based on practice and creativity: Art involves in consistent and creative practice of existing theoretical knowledge.
In management also a huge volume of literature and books are available on different aspects of management. Every manager has his own unique style of managing things and people. He uses his creativity in applying management techniques and his skills improve with regular application. Since all the features of art are present in management. so it can be called as an art.
For 2nd part refer to QNo.3
10) "Management is considered as an art or a science or both". Elucidte the statement. (2012,2014)
Ans. The features of science that adher to the features of management as well are stated as follows :
1)Systematised body of knowledge : Management is a systematised body of knowledge built by management thinkers and practitioners. It has developed certain principles over a period of time.
2)Continuous observation : The principles of management have been developed after prolonged observations in various organisations. So ,knowledge of management is based on time tested and sound principles.
3) Universal application : The principles of management are universally applied like the principles of physics and chemistry . The principles like unity of command , division of labour etc. are used by every organisation and at every place.
4) Cause and Effect Relationship : Like principles of science , management principles also establish cause and effect relationship between different factors.
For art refer to Q No. 9
It has been seen in the above discussion that management is both an art as well as science . Thus, we can conclude that ,
"Management is considered as an art or a science or both".
Additional important Questions :
a) Write a short note on efficiency and effectiveness.
For 2nd part refer to QNo.3
10) "Management is considered as an art or a science or both". Elucidte the statement. (2012,2014)
Ans. The features of science that adher to the features of management as well are stated as follows :
1)Systematised body of knowledge : Management is a systematised body of knowledge built by management thinkers and practitioners. It has developed certain principles over a period of time.
2)Continuous observation : The principles of management have been developed after prolonged observations in various organisations. So ,knowledge of management is based on time tested and sound principles.
3) Universal application : The principles of management are universally applied like the principles of physics and chemistry . The principles like unity of command , division of labour etc. are used by every organisation and at every place.
4) Cause and Effect Relationship : Like principles of science , management principles also establish cause and effect relationship between different factors.
For art refer to Q No. 9
It has been seen in the above discussion that management is both an art as well as science . Thus, we can conclude that ,
"Management is considered as an art or a science or both".
Additional important Questions :
a) Write a short note on efficiency and effectiveness.
Ans. Efficiency and Effectiveness
Efficiency (completing the work at low cost) means doing the task correctly at minimum cost through optimum utilization of resources while effectiveness (Completing the work on time) is concerned with end result means completing the task correctly within stipulated time. Although efficiency and effectiveness are different yet they are inter related. It is important for management to maintain a balance between the two.
b) Distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency.
Ans.
c) Give the modern concept of management.
Ans.The modern concept of management insists on to manage is to forecast and plan , to organise , to command , to co-ordinate and to control leading to efficient and effective performance and achievement of goals.
d) Distinguish between levels of management.
Ans.
b) Distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency.
Ans.
c) Give the modern concept of management.
Ans.The modern concept of management insists on to manage is to forecast and plan , to organise , to command , to co-ordinate and to control leading to efficient and effective performance and achievement of goals.
d) Distinguish between levels of management.
Ans.
Ans. Luther Gullick
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